The Autobiography of Malcom X: A Modern Mythical Hero’s Journey from Self-destruction to Global Outreach

Abstract

The Autobiography of Malcolm X, with its influential rhetoric and powerful ideas, has continued to inspire generations since its publication. This research argues that part of the autobiography’s enduring appeal stems from its mythical structure and the portrayal of heroism throughout Malcolm X’s narrative and rhetoric. Specifically, this study explores how Malcolm’s autobiography aligns with Joseph Campbell’s monomyth, or "hero’s journey." Campbell’s model includes several stages that resonate with Malcolm’s life story. This research examines how racism drives Malcolm to leave Michigan, initiating his journey in accordance with Campbell’s "departure" from the ordinary world to the special world. It also explores how Malcolm’s years as a ghetto hustler, his conversion to Islam, and his time as a Black Muslim correspond to Campbell’s "initiation" stage. Lastly, the research addresses Malcolm’s break from the Nation of Islam and his transformative pilgrimage, culminating in his global outreach and new convictions, which mirror Campbell’s "return to the ordinary world." Additionally, this study incorporates critical race theory to examine how systemic racism and Malcolm’s resistance to it shape his journey, adding depth to his heroic transformation. Reading The Autobiography of Malcolm X in light of Campbell's hero’s journey allows readers to recognize the universal patterns in the lives of influential heroes and provides an additional explanation for Malcolm’s timeless appeal.