Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies (ISSN: 2663-7197) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, monthly, open-access monthly journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It publishes high-quality articles across the breadth of humanities and social sciences research. With its uniquely broad coverage, all articles are free to access across the globe, allowing authors to share their research and maximise its impact. The journal is led by expert international editorial board members who take an objective approach to peer review, ensuring each research paper is reviewed and evaluated on its own scholarly merits and research integrity. Publishing your work in the Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies means you will receive prompt and reliable publishing and a global platform for your research to reach its full potential.
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
Truth between Objectivity and Humanism: An Interdisciplinary Study of Einstein and Tagore
In the intellectual history of the twentieth century, the relationship between wisdom and literature has surfaced as a significant field of interdisciplinary conversation. This paper focuses on the major dialogue between Albert Einstein and Rabindranath Tagore, assaying questions of verity, mortal knowledge, and epistemology in the environment of their exchange. Their discussion, held in Berlin in 1930, was not simply an exchange of ideas between two great minds, but a profound philosophical debate on fustiness, humanism, and the nature of knowledge and the Relation among Tagore, Einstein and France. This paper critical lyre-reads that dialogue; particularly in terms of relative verity versus humanistic verity, scientific reality versus aesthetic perception, and the conflict and conflation between Eastern and Western traditions of knowledge.
Concept of Truth between objectivity and Humanism, Dialogue between Eastern and Western traditions of knowledge, Interdisciplinary study between Science & Literature and Einstein & Rabindranath Tagore, Relation among Tagore, Einstein and France
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple Intelligences Levels among Students at the Gifted School in Misan Governorate
Recognizing multiple intelligences is of highly importance and a successful approach to educational management by encouraging students to utilize their unique and diverse intelligences. This helps to address individual differences among learners, which adds a new dimension to education. This study aims to identify the levels of multiple intelligences among students of the Gifted Schools in Misan Governorate. It also aims to determine statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in multiple intelligences among gifted students based on gender. The research sample consisted of 31 students from the academic year 2025-2026. The Multiple Intelligences Scale (Walter McKenzie, 2000) was applied. The results showed the presence of all types of multiple intelligences in varying proportions among both genders. The results also revealed a statistically significant difference in Musical intelligence, favoring females. Based on this, the researcher offers several recommendations and suggestions.
Multiple Intelligences, Gifted Students, Gifted schools
Assessing the Behavioral Disorders and Social Skills of the Learners with Special Educational Needs
Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSENs) often experience challenges in managing their behavior and interacting with others, which can affect their learning, relationships, and overall development. This study sought to explore behavioral disorders, social skills, and their relationship among learners with special needs in Talisay City and Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines. Using a descriptive correlational approach, researchers collected data via structured surveys completed by convenience-sampled parents from three designated schools. The study examined student demographics, parent-reported behavioral traits, social skill development, and the connection between behavior and social abilities. Findings indicated that most participants were male, aged 5–12, with one to two siblings, from low-income families, and had parents who were mostly college graduates. While behavioral issues and social skills were generally observed, some challenges appeared, particularly in emotional regulation and complex play. No significant link was found between overall behavioral disorders and social skills. However, limitations in the study design prevent firm conclusions. The demographic insights and varying needs highlight the importance of comprehensive, evidence-based strategies that address behavioral and emotional development, family support, and individualized interventions. The study recommends improving future research by using broader samples and additional informants and proposes a matrix-style intervention framework to support learners with special needs better.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rowella Jane G. Labajo, Shiena Marie C. Autida, Michelle G. Resuento https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Integration Path of Red Family Letters into the Cultivation of College Students’ National Sentiment
Red family letters represent a microcosmic history of the Chinese Communist Party and a vivid national history. Forged with the blood and deep affection of revolutionary forebears, they embody the ideals, convictions, family‑state responsibility, and national integrity of Chinese Communists, and constitute a valuable educational resource for cultivating college students’ national sentiment. As a core competency for college students, the cultivation of national sentiment requires the synergistic effort of emotion, cognition, and practice. From the perspective of the internal logic, red family letters can touch the heart through family narratives, evoke emotional resonance, reinforce rational identity with ideals and convictions, and stimulate action through role models, thereby achieving the unity of knowledge and action. In terms of the current reality of higher education, the integration of red family letters into college students’ national sentiment cultivation faces four mismatches: emphasis on stock rather than incremental supply, emphasis on transmission rather than acquisition, emphasis on indoctrination rather than internalization, and emphasis on theory rather than practice. Accordingly, efforts should be made in five aspects – deepening cognition, enhancing capacity, innovating forms, enriching carriers, and optimizing mechanisms – to construct targeted practical pathways for integrating red family letters into the cultivation of college students’ national sentiment, thereby providing theoretical references and practical guidance for colleges and universities during the 15th Five‑Year Plan period in fulfilling the fundamental task of fostering virtue and strengthening national sentiment education.
Red family letters; college students; national sentiment; pathway research
Semiotic Construction of Website Images of Chinese and Australian Memorial from the Perspective of Visual Grammar
Memorial are cultural institutions that preserve historical memory and convey national identity through visual symbols. Adopting a qualitative research approach, this study analyzes the web-page images of the Site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Australian War Memorial within the theoretical framework of Visual Grammar (VG) proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen. The findings are as follows: Regarding representational meaning, the Chinese website prioritizes transactional reaction processes and symbolic processes to forge direct ideological connections, whereas the Australian website favors non-transactional reactions and classificational processes to encourage individual interpretation and factual clarity; Concerning interactive meaning, the Chinese website employs high-modality colors and high-angle perspectives to evoke emotional resonance and position viewers as inheritors of historical responsibility, while the Australian website uses low-modality colors and eye-level angles to foster introspective reflection and egalitarian dialogue; In terms of compositional meaning, the Chinese website adopts vertical layouts and implicit framing through color contrast to reinforce hierarchical narrative flow, whereas the Australian website utilizes horizontal given-new layouts and explicit framing lines to support step-by-step explanatory logic. Theoretically, this study extends the application of VG to semiotic construction of website images of memorials. Practically, it provides a reference for optimizing the website design of memorials across different cultural contexts.
visual grammar; multimodal discourse; cultural communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Fei Guo, Xin Tong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Marketing Communication Strategy of MSMEs Through Instagram: An Analysis of the Circular Model of SOME and Marketing Communication Mix in Rhamala Vazha Indonesia
This study examines the implementation of digital marketing communication strategies by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), focusing on Rhamala Vazha Indonesia through its Instagram account, @rhamalahijabku. The research aims to analyze how digital communication is managed using the Circular Model of SOME and the marketing communication mix framework. A qualitative descriptive method with a post-positivist paradigm is employed to explore the phenomenon in depth. Data were collected through online observation and in-depth interviews with relevant informants, including business owners and digital media administrators. The findings indicate that Instagram serves as the primary platform for delivering marketing messages, building brand identity, and fostering interaction with consumers. The implementation of the Circular Model of SOME demonstrates a systematic and sustainable communication process through the stages of share, optimize, manage, and engage. In addition, the marketing communication mix is applied comprehensively, integrating advertising, sales promotion, events and experiences, public relations, interactive marketing, mobile marketing, direct marketing, and personal selling within a unified digital ecosystem. The study concludes that the success of digital marketing communication in MSMEs is not solely determined by the use of social media platforms but by the strategic ability to manage content, understand audience behavior, and integrate communication elements effectively. This research contributes to the development of digital marketing communication studies, particularly in the context of MSMEs utilizing social media as a primary marketing tool.
Digital Marketing Communication, social media, Instagram, MSMEs, Circular Model of SOME, Marketing Communication Mix.
A Comparative Study of Aesthetics Between Ancient Greek Drama and Traditional Eastern Theatre
Ancient Greek drama and traditional Chinese opera mark respectively their supreme achievements of Western and Eastern civilizations in theatrical field. The paper conducts comparative research on their aesthetic discrepancies from three dimensions: philosophical origins, dramatic narration and theatrical aesthetics. In respect of philosophical origin, ancient Greek drama is rooted in the tradition of rationalism and conception of destiny, highlighting the conflict between individual will and inevitable fate; traditional Eastern opera, shaped by ethical edification of Confucianism and Taoist notion of unity between human and nature, prioritizes maintenance of ethical order and moderation of emotion. In terms of dramatic narration, the ancient Greek drama centers on rigorous structural principle of “Three Unities” and drastic external conflicts while evokes intense pity and fear through devices such as “Peripeteia” and “Anagnorisis”; traditional Eastern opera adopts the “point-line” narrative mode with stress on Xieyi (ideographic) expression of inner emotion and karmic moral framework. From the angle of theatrical aesthetics, ancient Greek drama pursues solemn and stunning effects from plaza performance where masked actor and chorus undertake multiple roles. Traditional Eastern opera takes virtuality, stylization and xieyi as its aesthetic core and realizes performance by “Four Skills and Five Methods”. Research affirms the creative fusion of theatrical aesthetics between East and West by Chinese and Japanese artists and the unique value of intercultural adaptations as a medium for mutual learning between civilizations.
Ancient Greek drama; Traditional Eastern opera; aesthetics; Intercultural theatre
American policy towards Austria under President Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1960)A study in diplomatic orientations and policies
The post-World War II evolution of US Austrian policy was analyzed in this study. Although it focused specifically on the Eisenhower Administration (1953-1960) as a case study of the types of conflict management in a Cold War context. The study also demonstrates that the US treated Austria as an independent and neutral state that was a positive stabilizer for Central Europe while it was not fully integrated into the Western military alliance, and the US played an important part in preserving Austria’s political independence while consolidating its neutrality, and economically and diplomatically to help establish internal stability within Austria. The result of the research indicates that, in the eyes of the US, Austria was a successful laboratory for Cold War conflict management through non-zero-sum methods, encompassing political reality with diplomatic flexibility. The research also notes that international politics are not based on rigid models or “rigid” concepts but rather on thoughtful assessments of different contexts and different state strategies.
US policy – Austria – Dwight Eisenhower – Neutrality – Treaty
Copyright (c) 2026 Tareq Khrisat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring EFL Learners’ Experiences and Strategies in Sentence Writing: A Qualitative Study
This study, Exploring EFL Learners’ Experiences and Strategies in Sentence Writing: A Qualitative Study, addresses an important yet underexplored area in second language writing research. While extensive research has focused on paragraph- and essay-level writing, sentence-level writing—particularly learners’ lived experiences and strategy use—has received comparatively limited attention in EFL contexts. Understanding how learners construct sentences is essential, as sentence-level competence forms the foundation for effective written communication. To address this gap, the present study adopted a qualitative interpretive design to explore learners’ perceptions, challenges, and strategies in sentence writing. The study was conducted at Baghlan University with 20 intermediate-level EFL learners selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, writing samples, and non-participant classroom observations, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed four major themes: persistent grammatical difficulties (e.g., verb tense and subject–verb agreement), limited vocabulary affecting idea expression, the influence of affective factors such as writing anxiety and low confidence, and the use of cognitive, metacognitive, and social strategies, including translation, modeling, planning, revising, and seeking feedback. By highlighting the interplay of linguistic, cognitive, and emotional factors, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of sentence-level writing in EFL contexts. It also underscores the need for explicit instruction, strategy-based pedagogy, and supportive learning environments to enhance learners’ writing performance.
EFL learners, sentence writing, writing strategies, grammatical difficulties, writing anxiety
Speaking Softly: Feminist Digital Citizenship in Campus-Based Social Media Practice
VWSM (Voice of Women’s Studies Majors) is a WeChat public account founded and run by women’s studies undergraduates at a Chinese women’s university. Drawing on the framework of digital citizenship of young people, this study conducts a thematic analysis of 312 VWSM original articles and two semi-structured interviews to examine how feminist digital citizenship is formed through the mutual reinforcement of disciplinary training and sustained writing practice. The findings identify three dimensions of this formation: knowledge translation, engagement with sensitive topics, and reflexive practice and feminist subjectivity formation, offering empirical grounding for the framework of digital citizenship of young people in the specific context of campus-based media. The depth and continuity of VWSM points to institutional embeddedness as a significant driver of feminist digital citizenship formation, one that spontaneous online participation alone is unlikely to generate.
Digital citizenship of young people, feminist media practice, women’s studies, feminist identity formation, WeChat, China
Copyright (c) 2026 Qi Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Visionary Parenting™: A Faith-Integrated, Gift-Centred Parenting Style for African Christian Parents in Western Diaspora Contexts
This paper formally introduces Visionary Parenting™ as a new, academically structured parenting style defined as: a faith-integrated, gift-centred approach in which parents function as strategic stewards of a child's God-given design, systematically discovering, developing, and deploying the child's unique gifts, temperament, and calling through four developmental phases and four relational postures, within an emotional climate of unconditional acceptance, structured guidance, and purposeful expectation. The term 'visionary' carries a threefold meaning: Parenting that operates through sight (seeing the child's Design), insight (understanding the child's unique gifts and temperament), and wisdom from God (discerning the child's calling through theological grounding). Anchored in the Hebrew exegesis of Proverbs 22:6, specifically the phrase al pi darko ('according to his way'), the framework integrates three interlocking systems: the 4Cs (Coach, Counsellor, Consultant, Champion), the 4Ds (Discover, Develop, Design, Deploy), and the 12 Laws of Parenting a Gifted Child. Drawing on a comprehensive review of over 50 named parenting styles, developmental psychology, attachment theory, strengths-based parenting research, and African diaspora scholarship, this paper identifies a critical gap in the existing literature: no current parenting style simultaneously integrates gift-centred Development, theological grounding, phased developmental sequencing from birth to adulthood, and culturally specific support for African Christian parents navigating Western diaspora contexts. Visionary Parenting is proposed as an integrative framework representing the logical next Development in parenting science: from generic developmental goals to purpose-driven, gift-centred stewardship rooted in divine Design.
Visionary Parenting, parenting styles, faith-integrated Parenting, gift-centred Development, African diaspora parenting, al pi darko, Proverbs 22:6, strengths-based Parenting, Christian Parenting, parenting framework
An Evaluation of the Use of Emerging Technology in Teaching English at the University Level in India
The current digital era has brought about a rapid advancement in technology, particularly in the areas of big data processing and artificial intelligence. This has had a profound effect on pedagogy and educational processes, including strategies for teaching and learning foreign languages (FL). In this study, a quantitative analysis delves into the realm of emerging technologies employed in teaching English at the university level in India, engaging a robust sample size of 600 participants. Employing a multifaceted approach, the study utilizes inferential statistical techniques, including t-tests and regression analysis, to discern correlations and trends within the data. Complementing this, descriptive statistics are employed to meticulously evaluate questionnaire responses, offering a holistic overview of the research landscape. With two independent variables and four dependent variables under scrutiny, the study undertakes a nuanced exploration of the interplay between technological interventions and English language education outcomes. The collected data undergoes rigorous statistical scrutiny through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), enabling a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies involved. This research not only contributes to the burgeoning field of educational technology but also holds significant implications for pedagogical practices in the Indian university context, shedding light on the potential impact of innovative approaches to English language instruction.
Quantitative analysis, T-tests, Regression analysis, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
The Role of Judicial Oversight of Political Parties in Jordan in Light of the 2022 Constitutional Amendments
The aim of the study is to clarify the role of the judiciary in monitoring political parties in Jordan, in accordance with the Constitution of Jordan of 1952 and its amendments, and the Political Parties Act No. 7 of 2022. The problem of the study is the adequacy of judicial oversight of political parties in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study adopted the analytical, investigative and descriptive curriculum and found insufficient judicial oversight of Jordan's political parties. It is recommended that all appeals relating to political parties be examined in administrative jurisdiction.
Judicial oversight, political parties, constitutional amendments
Research on the Rise of the "Handcrafted Economy" in the Digital Era
The inclusive development of digital technologies has spawned the "handcrafted economy", an emerging lightweight innovation format. With individuals or small teams as the main innovation subjects, it realizes the rapid implementation of creative ideas relying on artificial intelligence, flexible supply chains and digital platforms, and has become an important carrier for individual innovation and the release of micro-economic vitality in the digital era. Based on the practical characteristics of the handcrafted economy and existing research results, this paper systematically defines the core connotation and essential characteristics of the handcrafted economy, analyzes its driving mechanism from the four dimensions of supply, demand, institution and ecology, explains its epoch-making effects in activating individual innovation, optimizing market supply, reshaping innovation paradigms and highlighting humanistic values, and then reveals its practical dilemmas in product safety, intellectual property rights, individual capabilities, regulatory adaptation and commercial sustainability. Finally, it puts forward the optimization path for the high-quality development of the handcrafted economy from the perspective of the coordination of the government, platforms, individuals and the industry. The research shows that the handcrafted economy is an inevitable result of the fission of micro-innovation units empowered by digital technologies. Only through flexible regulation, ecological empowerment and capacity cultivation can it move from a short-term boom to long-term development and inject micro-power into the cultivation of new quality productive forces and high-quality economic development.
Digital era; Handcrafted economy; Individual innovation; New business format; High-quality development
Individual and Educational Factors Influencing Young People’s National Identity
This article analyzes individual and educational factors related to the expression of national identity among young people. The theoretical framework discusses how national identity in contemporary society is shaped within the context of globalization, migration, consumerism, the media, and new forms of community, and is therefore becoming increasingly multifaceted and fluid. In this article, national identity is understood as a phenomenon encompassing objective, subjective, and emotional dimensions, and its formation is influenced by both an individual’s internal self-perception and their social and cultural environment. The empirical section presents a quantitative study involving 395 ninth-grade students from Lithuanian gymnasiums. The study aimed to determine how the expression of national identity is related to gender, academic achievement, and attitudes toward school. It was found that academic achievement and a positive attitude toward school are significantly associated with a stronger expression of national identity, particularly among girls. Girls are more likely to exhibit correlations between higher academic achievement, more active participation in national activities, better knowledge of national culture, a stronger connection to their homeland, and national loyalty. In the case of boys, fewer statistically significant associations were found, but the cultural and educational aspects of school are also important to them. The study’s results suggest that school functions not only as a space for education but also as a space for cultural socialization, where young people’s national identity can be maintained and strengthened.
National identity, individual and educational factors, young people.
A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of Abdulrazak Gurnah’s Admiring Silence
Corpus stylistics, an approach integrating linguistics and stylistics, provides quantitative support for research into literary style. This study adopts a corpus stylistic methodology to construct an electronic corpus of Abdulrazak Gurnah's novel Admiring Silence, with ten contemporaneous postcolonial and migration novels as a reference corpus. With the aid of Python and AntConc, analyses of keywords and high-frequency three-word clusters are conducted. The findings show that the novel presents a stable stylistic pattern at the linguistic level: the high frequency of first-person pronouns and "I"-centered clusters sustains a narrative focused on the self-perception of the diasporic subject; the character network and cultural spatial contrasts reflected by keywords point to the protagonist's identity dilemma across two social and cultural contexts; meanwhile, the foregrounding of negative structures in clusters repeatedly reinforces the narrator's uncertainty about emotion, identity and belonging. Furthermore, the repeated appearance of politically relevant keywords and clusters embeds personal memory within the postcolonial historical context of Zanzibar, demonstrating that the narrative unfolds through the interaction of personal experience, psychological stance and historical context, thus forming an integrated narrative structure of the diasporic subject. This study deepens the understanding of Gurnah's narrative style, diasporic experience and political expression, and also illustrates the empirical value and potential applications of quantitative methods in postcolonial textual research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siyan Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Excessive Social Media Use and Its Relationship to Psychological Alienation among High School Students
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between excessive social media use and psychological alienation among high school students in Jordan, determine the levels of both variables, and identify statistically significant differences in estimates attributed to gender and academic track. To achieve these objectives, a descriptive correlational approach was adopted, and the study was conducted on a sample of (339) students. Data was collected using two scientific scales developed for this purpose: the "Excessive Social Media Use" scale, comprising three dimensions (Mental Preoccupation, Withdrawal and Anxiety, and Conflict and Deterioration of Relationships), and the "Psychological Alienation" scale, comprising three dimensions (Loss of Sense of Belonging, Loss of Purpose, and Powerlessness). Construct validity and reliability coefficients were verified for both scales. The results indicated that the level of excessive social media use among students was "moderate," while the level of psychological alienation was "high." Furthermore, the results revealed a positive, statistically significant correlation between excessive social media use and psychological alienation. Meanwhile, the two-way ANOVA results indicated no statistically significant differences in the levels of excessive social media use or psychological alienation attributed to gender or academic track. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting school counseling programs designed to enhance students' psychological and social skills, raise their awareness regarding the risks of excessive social media use, mitigate feelings of alienation, and strengthen their connection to reality.
Social Media, Psychological Alienation, High School Students
Copyright (c) 2026 Eman Hamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-Traumatic Growth among Iraqi Refugee Adolescent Girls in Jordan: A Quasi-Experimental Study to evaluate the Effectiveness of a Group Counseling Program Based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a group counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy in achieving post-traumatic growth among Iraqi refugee adolescent girls in Jordan. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, and the sample consisted of (30) Iraqi refugee girls attending the Our Lady of Mercy Center in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan. They were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=15) that received a 16-session counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy, and a control group (n=15) that did not receive any counseling program. The results showed statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-traumatic growth scale, favoring the experimental group. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences between the post-test and follow-up measurements of the experimental group on the post-traumatic growth scale, indicating the continued effectiveness of the counseling program as measured by the follow-up assessment. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most importantly training counselors in counseling program based on Rational Emotive Therapy-based counseling programs in schools serving refugees, given its role in fostering post-traumatic Growth among them.
Counseli Counseling Program, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Post-Traumatic Growth, Iraqi Adolescent Girls, Jordan
The Effectiveness of a Guidance Program Based on Play Therapy in Improving Social Skills among Kindergarten Children in Jordan
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of a play-therapy-based guidance program in improving the social skills of kindergarten children in Jordan. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, and the sample consisted of (14) children from the Al-Rusaifa Basic Mixed School kindergarten. The children were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=7) that received a (11) session play-therapy-based guidance program, and a control group (n=7) that did not receive any guidance program. The results showed statistically significant differences between the mean ranks of the scores of the experimental and control groups on the social skills scale, favoring the experimental group. The results also showed no statistically significant differences between the post-test and follow-up scores of the experimental group on the social skills scale, indicating the continued effectiveness of the guidance program as measured by the follow-up assessment. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is training kindergarten teachers in play-therapy-based guidance programs due to their role in improving the social skills of kindergarten children.
Counseling program, play therapy, Social Skills, kindergarten children.
Communication Skills of Special Account Representatives of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Serang District, Indonesia in Delivering Information to Informal Workers
This research aims to examine and describe the persuasive communication skills of Special Account Representatives (ARK) of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Serang in delivering information on employment social security programs to informal workers. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through in depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving ARK and supporting informants. The findings reveal that ARK apply audience oriented communication strategies by adapting message delivery to the social and educational characteristics of informal workers. Persuasive techniques such as storytelling, humor, analogies, and simple language are used to simplify technical information. Communication effectiveness is strengthened by communicator credibility, including expertise, trustworthiness, and a friendly approach. In addition, communication convergence enables shared understanding between ARK and informal workers. The study concludes that the persuasive communication skills of Special Account Representatives play a crucial role in enhancing informal workers’ understanding and acceptance of employment social security protection. Adaptive, humanistic, and credible communication approaches are essential for effective public service communication in informal sector contexts.
Special Account Representatives, persuasive communication skills, informal workers, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan
Copyright (c) 2026 pirasatnawati, Idi Dimyati, Ail Muldi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distance Learning in the COVID-19 Era and Beyond: A Multi-Dimensional Review of Teaching, Learning, Assessment, Infrastructure and Crisis Management
This study presents a systematic review (SR) of the author’s research on distance learning (DL) during the COVID 19 pandemic, published between 2020 and 2024. As an author bounded corpus, it offers an exceptionally comprehensive, multi dimensional examination of DL during the COVID 19 pandemic, spanning every major dimension of the teaching learning process, thus offering one of the most extensive individual research programs on this topic in Saudi Arabia and beyond. The corpus consists of 30 studies that document the educational crisis, responses, adaptations, and outcomes across Saudi schools and universities during the pandemic period. The studies were organized into nine thematic clusters: digital infrastructure, technology use, and platforms; teaching practices and instructional strategies; student engagement and preferences; children, family role, and home based learning; psychological, social, and cultural dimensions; exams, assessment, and academic performance; curriculum adaptation; teachers’ professional development; and the pandemic job market for graduates. Results revealed an interconnected system of challenges and innovations. Digital inequity was a major issue during the early months of the pandemic, though it was mitigated through community based solutions. Instructors rapidly diversified their pedagogical practices by integrating podcasts, YouTube videos, blogging, mobile audiobooks, online vocabulary tasks, virtual speaking activities, and redesigned practicum practices. Students’ engagement patterns reflected both creativity and strain: while many benefited from interactive and technology mediated tasks, others experienced low self efficacy, anxiety, and a strong preoccupation with exams and grades. Studies on children highlighted the central role of parents in monitoring and supporting home based learning, as well as the benefits and risks of iPad use among young learners. Psychologically, the corpus revealed widespread dissatisfaction, low motivation, and emotional fatigue among students, alongside the potential of positive psychology and intercultural exchanges to enhance resilience. Assessment practices underwent some changes, resulting in flexible exam formats and grade inflation, while curricular structures remained largely unchanged due to institutional constraints. Only one study examined DL after the pandemic, indicating the need for further research on long term shifts in digital learning. Overall, the review demonstrates that DL during COVID 19 was not a uniform experience but a complex ecosystem shaped by infrastructure, pedagogy, learner agency, family dynamics, institutional policy, and socio emotional factors.
Systematic review (SR), Al-Jarf research program, distance learning (DL), remote education, crisis management, COVID-19, Corona virus, Pandemic, distance learning infrastructure, student engagement
Level of Achievement motivation Among Nurses in Jordan
The current study aimed to identify the level of achievement motivation among nurses in primary health care centers in Jordan. The descriptive analytical approach was used. The study sample consisted of (109) male and female nurses who were randomly selected. The achievement motivation scale was applied, and the psychometric properties of the scales were extracted.The results of the study showed that the level of motivation for achievement among nurses in primary health care centers is high. It also showed that there are apparent differences in the arithmetic averages of the level of motivation for achievement among nurses due to gender, age, academic degree, and number of years of work, but they are not statistically significant at the significance level (0.05). The study indicated that the organizational environment that supports the nurse's independence contributes directly to raising his efficiency and assuming responsibility without the need for continuous administrative oversight. The study recommended the need to improve moral motivation strategies to increase nurses' emotional connection to their profession and provide guidance programs to provide them with psychological and social care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Ghaleb Alkhateeb, Ibrahim Bajes Maali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
To What Extent Does the Developed Curriculum (Jordan High Note) for the Eleventh Academic Grade Take into Account 21st Century Skills
Curriculum plays a vital role in the learning teaching process. It is an effective tool for promoting 21st century skills among the students by equipping them with these skills which enable them to perform effectively and appropriately within a global committee of English speakers. This study aims to provide an in- depth description of the inclusion of 21st century skills in the English developed curriculum “Jordan High Note” in its trial version for the first semester in Jordan for the Eleventh Academic grade, which consists of five units. The qualitative descriptive analytical approach was adapted, and a content analysis tool has been designed. It consisted of (46) items that symbolized the 21st century skills and represented the main domains: Learning & Innovation skills, Information, Media and Technology skills, and Life & career skills. The finding showed that the exercises which presented 21st century skills were to a great extent to Learning & Innovation skills (the 5Cs) then moderate to Life & Career and the least to Information, Media & Technology skills via English skills. It is suggested that future revisions should encourage students to use ICT effectively inside & outside the school by including more exercises related to these skills. Moreover, including more technology-based activities by including exercises guiding students towards filming, designing PowerPoint presentations and integrating Artificial Intelligence tools such as Canva, NotebookLM,..etc. in order to align with the 21st century skills.
21st century skills, developed curriculum, English Language, eleventh academic grade
The role of judicial oversight of the principle of proportionality in achieving judicial security
Both the principle of proportionality and the principle of judicial certainty are fundamental principles governing administrative law. And here lies the problem with the study: it argues that the principle of proportionality provides a legal basis for balancing administrative discretion, but its practical application challenges the boundaries of judicial oversight. The central issue examined is how the administrative judge, as a judge of legality—not a supervisor of appropriateness—can apply objective criteria without exceeding judicial authority. Specifically, the study asks: What are the limits of an administrative judge's authority to assess the appropriateness of administrative decisions? How does judicial oversight under proportionality relate to the principle of separation of powers? Finally, to what extent does this oversight enhance judicial certainty? The study finds that judicial oversight of proportionality is essential to balancing protection of individual rights with the public interest. However, a key argument is that expanding this oversight without clear criteria risks undermining judicial certainty. Therefore, the study recommends establishing criteria to assess the appropriateness of an administrative decision, balancing the decision's suitability for its intended purpose with the necessity of the procedure.
Principle of proportionality, judicial security, judicial interpretation, general principles, administrative judiciary
Copyright (c) 2026 Mays saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Public Service in Achieving Sustainable Development in Accordance with the Human Resources Management System in the Jordanian Public Sector
The Jordanian Public Sector Human Resources Management Regulation No. (33) of 2024 and its amendments were introduced as a modern and comprehensive framework for regulating public service affairs. It incorporates a set of governing principles, most notably the rule of law, transparency, justice, equality, and equal opportunity. These principles constitute an institutional foundation that contributes to enhancing governmental performance and improving the quality of public services, which is positively reflected in the achievement of sustainable development goals. The research problem lies in examining the extent to which the principles of governance and transparency are effectively applied within the public service system, and their impact on supporting sustainable development pathways. The study aims to assess the capacity of the Human Resources Management Regulation to develop the public service and enhance human resources as a central element based on knowledge, creativity, and awareness—elements that form the core of modern administrative work. The study concludes with several findings, most notably that the success of the Human Resources Management system in the public sector largely depends on the effectiveness of its practical implementation and its alignment with the requirements of sustainable development within the administrative environment. The study recommends that the Jordanian legislator strengthen the linkage between the Public Sector Human Resources Management Regulation and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations, in a manner that contributes to directing employment policies toward achieving tangible and sustainable developmental outcomes.
Public Service, Sustainable Development, Jordanian Human Resources Management Regulation, Administrative Reform.
Farah Abdullah Muhammad Nur Al-Din Al-Ahmad
Copyright (c) 2026 Farah Abdullah Muhammad Nur Al-Din Al-Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenging Reticence: The Role of Oral Presentations in Motivating the Common Core Students
This action research investigates the importance of oral presentations in improving Moroccan students’ English level. It starts from the hypothesis that students are not much encouraged to deliver presentations in the class for various reasons. Hence, it delivers questionnaires for two common core classes: one is measured in literature while the other in science. The aim behind these questionnaires is to understand students’ perspective vis-à-vis their reluctance from delivering oral presentations in the class. Also, the aim is to find valid solutions that can be used in the process of increasing oral presentations in Moroccan English classes. Additionally, the research relies on interviewing 6 Moroccan high-school English teachers to comprehend the reasons behind not having oral presentations in their classes. The aim behind these interviews is to see what really hinders Moroccan English teachers from encouraging students to present in front of their colleagues which is considered to have an immense impact on the process of learning. The action research concludes that students need to be taught how to deliver presentations which is vital in making them more confident while presenting. In the end, it succeeds in increasing the rate of oral presentations in the two classes compared with before.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid ABARTAL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Employee Performance
The performance of integrated service employees is influenced by various internal organizational factors, including organizational culture and job satisfaction. This study aims to examine the effect of organizational culture on job satisfaction and employee performance, as well as the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational culture and performance. A quantitative survey approach was employed in this study. The population consisted of 195 employees of integrated service units across subdistricts in Tangerang Regency, with 131 respondents selected using proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on both job satisfaction and employee performance. In addition, job satisfaction significantly influences employee performance and partially mediates the relationship between organizational culture and performance. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening organizational culture to enhance employee satisfaction and improve service performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Aliazmi, Ahmad Suhabudin, Idi Dimyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Joe Starks as a Narcissist in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes were Watching God (1937)
Narcissism is a common term nowadays. According to psychologists, narcissism is a disorder that makes a person more self-centered (Lavner et al., 2016, p. 2). This research examines narcissism in Zora Neale Hurston’s novel “Their Eyes Were Watching God.” The researcher analyzes the character of Joe Starks in the light of narcissism. The research aims to prove that Joe Starks is a narcissist. The study is divided into Introduction, literature review, methodology, Joe Starks as a narcissist, and a conclusion.
Narcissism, narcissist, personality, self-centered, disorder
Fragmentation and Discontinuity in Hyper-Text Literature: A Study of Michael Joyce’s Afternoon, a Story
The present study is concerned with Michael Joyce’s Afternoon, a Story (1987), as one of the fundamental works of hypertext fiction which plays a crucial role in the evolution of digital literature. It investigates how fragmentation and discontinuity function within a literary text; they are not merely seen as stylistic devices but structural principles. The study argues that Afternoon transforms fragmentation into an epistemological condition through an analysis rooted in poststructuralist theory and media studies. The paper also analyzes the way Joyce’s Afternoon, a Story decentralizes narrative authority, subverts chronological order, and redefines the role of the reader through embedding discontinuity into its digital form. Therefore, fragmentation and discontinuity are essential elements that are meant to reflect significant transition and systematic shifts in narrative forms in the digital age.
“Afternoon, a Story”, discontinuity, fragmentation, hypertext fiction, post- structuralism.
Rethinking the Human: A Feminist Comparative Reading of Narjiss Nejjar’s Dry Eyes and Leila Abouzeid’s Year of the Elephant through Irigaray’s Paradigm of Ethical Sexual Difference
This paper examines the ways in which the notion of the "human" is reimagined in Leila Abouzeid's novella Year of the Elephant (1989) and Narjiss Nejjar's film Dry Eyes (2003). This examination is framed within the feminist critical paradigm of ethical sexual difference developed by Luce Irigaray. In this utopian paradigm, the traditional rhetoric of sexual antagonism between the sexes dissolves in favour of intersubjective, spiritual relationality and co-existence. This paper uses a feminist comparative analysis to examine the relevance of Irigaray's ideas on ethical sexual difference in the works of both Abouzeid and Nejjar. It emphasises how these narratives foreground a symbolic female and feminist ethical consciousness that redefines heterosexual relational dynamics. This consciousness is seen as a transformative process that transcends orthodox textual/sexual politics that often subscribe to subjugation and assimilation. It brings into being a new female and feminist discourse that affirms an ethical "amorous exchange," wherein reciprocal respect, understanding, and recognition of one another's differences can foster a more genuine sense of subjectivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanae KALLOUBI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0