Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies (ISSN: 2663-7197) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, monthly, open-access monthly journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It publishes high-quality articles across the breadth of humanities and social sciences research. With its uniquely broad coverage, all articles are free to access across the globe, allowing authors to share their research and maximise its impact. The journal is led by expert international editorial board members who take an objective approach to peer review, ensuring each research paper is reviewed and evaluated on its own scholarly merits and research integrity. Publishing your work in the Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies means you will receive prompt and reliable publishing and a global platform for your research to reach its full potential.
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
The effectiveness of a counseling program based on play therapy in reducing shyness among fifth-grade students
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a counseling program based on play therapy in reducing shyness among fifth-grade students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study sample consisted of (30) fifth-grade female students from Amouriya Basic Second School affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Marka District in Amman. The participants were selected using purposive sampling and were divided into two groups: an experimental group consisting of (15) students and a control group consisting of (15) students. The researcher developed a counseling program based on play therapy consisting of (12) counseling sessions, with each session lasting (45) minutes. A shyness scale was used as a data collection instrument and was administered before and after the program, in addition to a follow-up measurement to examine the continuity of the program’s effect. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the post-test of the shyness scale in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the counseling program based on play therapy in reducing shyness. Furthermore, the results showed no statistically significant differences between the post-test and follow-up measurements among the experimental group, indicating the continuity of the program’s effect after its implementation. The study recommended integrating counseling programs based on play therapy into school counseling programs to reduce shyness and enhance social interaction among basic-stage students.
Play therapy, shyness, counseling program, fifth-grade students
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The Authority of the Judicial Police to Arrest Persons under the Jordanian Criminal Procedure Law in Light of Human Rights Standards
This research aims to analyze the legal framework regulating the judicial of police`s power of arrest individuals under the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure authority to determine the extent to which those legal provisions comply with human rights standards and propose amendments to strengthen the legal safeguards governing the exercising of this authority. The research adopted the descriptive method to identify the legal provisions governing the judicial police`s authority to arrest individuals under the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure. It also adopted the analytical approach to examine the legal provisions governing the judicial police’s authority to arrest persons and assess their adequacy and propose legislative amendments to ensure a balance between exercising arrest powers and protecting human rights. Additionally, the comparative method was adopted in some parts, by comparing certain legal provisions governing arrest with comparative legislation, as well as with international human rights instruments and agreements. The research identified several important findings, with the principal finding being that the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure includes several procedural safeguards regulating the judicial police`s authority in arresting individuals, which has contributed to achieving a degree of balance between the exercise of this authority and protection human rights. However, it does not provide certain procedural safeguards for individuals arrested by the judicial police, including the right to be informed of the grounds for the arrest, obtaining legal assistance, the right to remain silent, and the right to receive medical assistance. The research concluded that amendments to the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure are necessary and explicitly stipulate some procedural safeguards for the persons arrested by the judicial police during the execution of arrest.
Code of Criminal Procedure, arrest, judicial police, human rights
Green Chemistry and Organic Solvent Safety Awareness among Chemistry Students
This study investigated chemistry and chemistry-related students' self-reported awareness about green chemistry principles, hazards of organic solvents, safe laboratory practices, management of chemical waste, and the students' perception of barriers in practicing green chemistry in educational laboratory settings. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used, and data were collected using a structured Arabic questionnaire that was sent electronically through Google Forms. A total of 182 valid responses were received from undergraduate students enrolled in a chemistry or related scientific program. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and academic questions, 31 Likert-scale questions and one open-ended question. Responses were scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Agree; 5 = Strongly Disagree), with lower mean scores reflecting higher levels of agreement. For the awareness domains, lower mean scores reflected higher self-reported awareness. The barriers and challenges domain was understood separately, with lower scores reflecting greater perceived barriers and challenges. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and thematic summary of open-ended responses were used. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaire were in the range of 0.858–0.934 for the awareness domains, and 0.963 for the overall awareness scale, excluding barriers. The overall awareness scale showed strong self-reported agreement, with a mean score of 1.494. Safe laboratory practices showed the strongest self-reported awareness, while green chemistry awareness was comparatively weaker. Students' self-reported capability in differentiating between relatively safer solvents and highly hazardous solvents was the weakest item-level result. However, students who had completed an organic chemistry course, an organic chemistry laboratory, or three or more chemistry laboratories reported significantly greater self-reported awareness. The overall awareness score was comparable between gender and academic level and not significantly associated with gender or academic level. Students also perceived several barriers, including the lack of chemical waste containers, limited practical training, and the need for additional workshops. These findings should be interpreted as students' perceived awareness rather than direct evidence of actual knowledge or observed laboratory practice. The results indicate that students reported high perceived awareness of laboratory safety and green chemistry; however, emphasis is needed in practice on safer solvents, using SDS/MSDS, how to interpret the labels on the chemicals used and what to do with chemical waste.
Green chemistry education; awareness of safety in organic solvents; laboratory safety awareness; self-reported awareness; chemistry students; chemical waste management
International Legal Frameworks for the Protection of the Human Mind and Neural Activity in Light of the Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
This research examines neurorights within the framework of international human rights law as one of the contemporary legal issues resulting from the rapid development of neuroscience, neurotechnology, and artificial intelligence. The study aims to clarify the concept of neurorights and identify the legal foundations for their protection under international human rights law, while analyzing the major legal and ethical challenges associated with modern neurotechnologies. The research also discusses the adequacy of existing international legal rules in protecting mental privacy, free will, and cognitive autonomy in light of the growing ability of neurotechnologies to collect brain data, analyze neural activity, and influence human cognition and behavior. The study concludes that the current international legal protection remains insufficient to address emerging neurotechnological risks, which necessitates the development of a specialized international legal framework explicitly recognizing neurorights and establishing legal and ethical safeguards governing the use of neurotechnology in a manner that protects human dignity and fundamental rights.
Neurorights, International Human Rights Law, Mental Privacy, Neurotechnology, Free Will, Human Dignity, Neural Data
The Legal Regulation of the Right of Access to Environmental Information under the Aarhus Convention: A Legal Study
The Aarhus Convention constitutes a pioneering legal framework in the field of environmental rights protection, as it represents a practical embodiment of Principle 10 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. It establishes a legal system based on strengthening environmental democracy and linking environmental protection with human rights guarantees. This study examines the role played by the Convention in consolidating individuals’ right of access to environmental information, considering it one of the fundamental pillars of sound environmental governance, alongside the right to participate in environmental decision-making and the right to access justice in environmental disputes. The main research problem lies in examining the extent to which the legal provisions established by the Aarhus Convention are sufficient to ensure the effective exercise of the right of access to environmental information, and their ability to achieve a balance between transparency requirements and the protection of other legally recognized interests. To address this issue, the study adopts an analytical approach by examining the legal provisions contained in the Convention and analyzing their substance, while assessing their effectiveness in strengthening the protection of this right at both the legal and practical levels. The study concludes that the Aarhus Convention has contributed to establishing advanced legal standards that enhance the principles of transparency, accountability, and environmental governance. It has also reinforced the role of the public as an essential partner in environmental management and in decision-making processes related to environmental matters, thereby contributing positively to the achievement of sustainable development goals and the promotion of environmental justice. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the effectiveness of these guarantees remains dependent on the extent to which States Parties seriously implement the provisions of the Convention and provide the necessary mechanisms to facilitate access to environmental information. The study recommends strengthening States’ commitments to ensuring that environmental information is made available to the public in an accurate, clear, and timely manner, while developing institutional and procedural frameworks that facilitate access to such information. This would contribute to promoting informed and effective public participation in environmental decision-making and enhancing the legal protection of environmental rights.
Environmental information, public participation, Aarhus Convention, Environment, Environmental justice
A Hybrid Pentahelix Communication Model for Ujung Kulon Geopark Governance
Effective governance of Ujung Kulon National Geopark requires coordination among public institutions, local communities, academic institutions, businesses, and the media to reconcile conservation priorities with community welfare. This study examines stakeholder mapping, communication across the five helices, and the mechanisms required to move from formal representation to operational collaboration. A constructivist qualitative approach was adopted through a single-case study conducted in Ujung Kulon National Geopark, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. Thirteen participants were selected purposively. They represented government and the geopark management body (n = 4), communities and local organizations (n = 6), academia (n = 1), business (n = 1), and the media (n = 1). Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 29 September and 5 December 2025. Participant observation and document analysis provided additional evidence. The data were organized through condensation, display, and verification. Thematic analysis involved initial coding, category development, identification of core themes, and comparison across the five helices. Credibility was strengthened through source and method triangulation, member checking, peer debriefing, and an audit trail. The findings indicate that stakeholder mapping remains largely administrative, institutional roles have yet to become operational, and communication is predominantly episodic, one-way, and fragmented. Communication failures create institutional uncertainty and may also threaten geosite protection. This risk was evident when project contractors damaged a geosite because they were unaware of its conservation significance. Communities were not involved from the planning stage, despite the local capacity generated through educational initiatives and mangrove and marine conservation activities. Academic, business, and media actors also lacked clear follow-up mechanisms, a shared roadmap, and common communication guidelines. The study proposes a Hybrid Pentahelix Collaborative Communication Model that combines an actor network with a four-stage convergence cycle: structured information exchange, dialogue and clarification, alignment of meaning and trust, and shared commitment and collective action. The model connects conservation integrity with local benefits through communication that is iterative, documented, and open to evaluation.
collaborative communication; pentahelix; communication convergence; geopark governance; community participation; conservation
The Effectiveness of the Generative Model Supported by Visual Representations in Developing Visual Intelligence Skills among Third-Grade Students
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the generative model supported by visual representations in developing visual intelligence skills in science among third-grade students. To achieve this, a quasi-experimental design was used. A teacher's guide was developed to teach the material according to the generative model supported by visual representations, and a scale for visual intelligence skills was created. The scale items measured four sub-dimensions in the students: visual reading, visual discrimination, information analysis, and relationship perception. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified. The study sample consisted of (71) male and female third-grade students from Tamadher Bint Amr Basic Mixed School, affiliated with the Directorate of Education for the Ruseifa District, during the second semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. The students were divided into two sections, one of which was randomly assigned as the experimental group (35 students) and the other as the control group (36) students. The results showed statistically significant differences at the significance level (α=0.05) between the mean scores of the students in the experimental and control groups on the visual intelligence skills scale and in all its skills, in favor of the experimental group that studied using the generative model supported by visual representations.
generative model, visual representations, visual intelligence skills, third-grade students
Street children often face immense challenges, including social isolation, neglect, and lack of access to recreational opportunities. These hardships hinder their emotional and psychological growth, leaving them vulnerable to further exploitation. This study explores the impact of engaging street children in art activities specifically, colour work, and clay manipulation at Safe-Child Advocacy, Catholic Archdiocese of Kumasi in Roman Hill, Ghana. The goal was to introduce them to creative outlets that they had not previously experienced, fostering self-awareness and social connections. The study employed an arts-based research method to assess the psychological and social benefits of art engagement. Findings indicate that art activities offer a transformative experience for street children, promoting personal development and emotional well-being.
Street children; emotional well-being; psychological growth; self-awareness; social connections; colour work; clay manipulation; arts-based research
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Use Me! The Manipulation of Clay by Persons with Special Abilities
Creative expression is increasingly recognized as a vital medium for communication and inclusion among individuals with intellectual disabilities, particularly within contexts where verbal articulation is limited. This study examines the expressive potential of clay manipulation among individuals with intellectual disabilities, challenging long-standing societal perceptions that frame such individuals as lacking functional and creative capacities. Drawing on a qualitative research design and an art-based intervention, the study integrates case study methodology and participant observation involving selected students from Garden City Special School. Participants engaged in guided clay manipulation exercises conducted within the school environment, with the process systematically observed and analyzed. Findings indicate that, despite limitations in motor coordination and difficulties in processing complex instructions, participants were able to produce basic forms, including spheres, cylinders, trapezoids, and rudimentary humanoid figures when provided with simplified guidance and structured support. The tactile and adaptable nature of clay, combined with incremental instruction, enabled participants to engage meaningfully in the creative process. The study demonstrates that, with minimal but targeted assistance, individuals with intellectual disabilities can utilize clay as a medium for self-expression, thereby fostering a sense of agency and personal fulfilment. These findings underscore the importance of inclusive creative practices and suggest that art-based interventions can serve as valuable tools for enhancing the well-being and social integration of persons with intellectual disabilities.
Clay, Intellectual Disability, Motor Skills
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Unravelling the Work Stories of Incident Commanders in Disaster and Risk Reduction Management
This study explored the lived experiences of incident commanders in implementing the incident management system during disasters. By using descriptive-phenomenological design, 10 informants were selected using purposive sampling meeting the inclusion criteria. One-on-one interview was conducted and the qualitative data with use of Colaizzi’s method generated 8 emergent themes: Knowledge and Leadership Skills Lead to Success, Planning and Supporting Well is Winning Half the Battle, Skill Personnel Inventory Leads to Efficient Services, Interpersonal Skills Radiate Systematic Procedures, Quality Service Equates to Self-Satisfaction, Capacitating Personnel and Partners Through Training and Involvement, Amplifying Services through Adequate Resources, and Bridging Individual Differences Through Professional Development. As highlighted, the effectiveness of disaster management is fundamentally dependent on the competence and leadership of incident commanders operating within a well-established Incident Management System (IMS). Beyond technical knowledge and operational expertise, successful incident management requires transformational leadership, strategic decision-making, effective communication, inter-agency coordination, and organizational resilience. Competent incident commanders serve as the cornerstone of effective disaster governance. Their leadership not only determines operational success during emergencies but also contributes to reducing disaster risks, protecting lives and property, and strengthening community resilience. Future research should continue to investigate the competencies, leadership behaviors, and organizational factors that influence incident commander performance across diverse disaster contexts. Such evidence can inform the development of evidence-based policies, competency frameworks, and training programs that further enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities in increasingly complex and uncertain environments.
Incident management system, lived experience, descriptive phenomenology, Philippines, Cebu
Does Gamification Deliver? A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of the Learning Experience
According to the definition, gamification is the inclusion of elements from game design in a non-game educational environment. It can be claimed that gamification is one of the most popular pedagogical tools among researchers over the last decade; however, information on it is presented across different publications and is often scattered across disciplines, school levels, and geographical areas. The article presents a systematic literature review that is based on the PRISMA 2020 checklist. In total, 54 records were screened in accordance with the eligibility criteria, which required that gamification be the main intervention in the study and influence aspects such as engagement, motivation, satisfaction, cognitive engagement, or academic achievement; 42 studies met these criteria. The studies reviewed encompassed sectors such as basic education, universities, teacher training, special education, and business/technical education across 19 nations, with many studies from the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Gamification was regularly related to better interest and motivation of students, and when conditions were organized wisely, also good results in learning performance and cognitive engagement were shown; meanwhile, the impact of gamification on motivation and behavior of students was not as stable as the impact on cognition, with some studies showing any unwanted output in the shape of demotivation in students with low score when they come across leaderboards that are competitive. Elements used frequently include scores, badges, leaderboards, tests, and quizzes (Kahoot! Quizizz), with most materials grounded in self-determination theory. The article pinpoints issues related to the lack of a longitudinal approach and standardized measurement in research conducted in unfamiliar locations and offers practical suggestions for use when creating gamified studies.
gamification, learning experience, student engagement, motivation, systematic literature review, PRISMA
Immigration Policy, International Talent and the Future of U.S. Higher Education: Potential and Existential Threats Analysis
The U.S. has gained many benefits over the years through partnerships in higher education and immigration, including the recruitment of talent and international students who contribute to innovation and research within the system and the economy. The latest changes to immigration policies by the U.S. federal government pose a threat to this relationship. This research investigates the relationship between immigration policy and the sustainability of U.S. higher education, focusing on the academic years 2020 to 2025. The study reviews immigration policies, economy, immigration data, and research to ascertain the implications of changes in the U.S.'s immigration policy and the flow of international students into the U.S., resulting in a loss of $43 billion/yearly and a competitive disadvantage in the global economy. Findings indicate that international students at U.S. institutions are approximately 6% of total enrollments, and 57% of them study in fields like STEM that are critical to U.S. innovation. The study examined the impact of policy shifts, such as visa revocations, travel bans, and deportations, which would cause international enrollments in higher education to fall by 17% in the academic year that begins this fall of 2025. The research has policy implications for full-scale reforms by the U.S. federal government that provide trade-offs between national security concerns and strategic talent-retention priorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Feroz Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Sale of Carrion in Islamic Jurisprudence
In Islamic jurisprudence, transactions and commercial exchanges are among the most important means of fulfilling material needs and organizing economic relationships within society. Islam emphasizes lawful earnings and regards legitimate trade as a means of promoting cooperation and social welfare. However, Islamic law prohibits the sale and purchase of certain forbidden objects and unlawful commodities in order to preserve public interests and prevent corruption. This prohibition is based on religious texts and established juristic principles aimed at safeguarding religion, intellect, life, and public morality. The study of the sale of carrion (maytah) demonstrates that the legitimacy of transactions in Islam depends upon the lawfulness of the subject matter, the existence of a permissible benefit, and the avoidance of harm and corruption. Therefore, understanding the limits and regulations governing such transactions plays a significant role in explaining the Islamic economic system and guiding Muslims toward lawful business practices while avoiding invalid and prohibited transactions.
Islam, Sale of Carrion, Islamic Jurisprudence, Fiqh, Maytah
The Role of Judicial Oversight in Adjudicating the Preparatory Phase of the Parliamentary Election Process Related to the Preparation of Voter Lists: A Comparative Study
The Jordanian legislator seeks through laws and regulations to create a general and democratic atmosphere, in which the citizen participates in political decision-making and through parliamentary representation, and the parliamentary elections are considered the highest form of democracy, and the electoral process passes through several stages, starting from the stages of preparation, represented by the stage of preparing voters' lists, the stage of submitting candidacy applications, through the stage of electoral advertising, and up to the final and decisive stages represented by the stage of voting, counting, and announcing the final results of the parliamentary elections. All stages of the electoral process depend on the integrity and accuracy of the voters' rolls, which is the basic building block and starting point of the electoral process, and accordingly, this study aimed to identify the role exercised by judicial control in adjudicating electoral crimes related to the preparatory stage of the electoral process, represented by the stage of preparing the registration of voters' rolls, which limits the integrity and transparency of the electoral process, and to compare the legislation and texts related to how judicial control deals with electoral crimes according to the French and Egyptian legislators The study relied on descriptive and comparative methods to reach the results of the study and several recommendations, including: not increasing the penalties against those who tamper with the voters' rolls due to the fact that this type of crime affects the integrity and transparency of the electoral process, and applying full judicial supervision over all procedures and stages of the electoral process, which ensures the safety of the outputs of the electoral process and provides legal protection to voters.
Judicial Control, Electoral Crimes, Voter Rolls
The Impact of Toxic Leadership on Internal Audit Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Organizational Silence
The study aims to examine the Impact of Toxic Leadership on Internal Audit Effectiveness and the moderating role of Employee Silence. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted and used. The study population comprised managers, heads, and employees of internal audit departments in companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. For data collection, a questionnaire was developed and distributed electronically; 180 questionnaires were distributed to the sample members. After the collection process, 150 questionnaires were retrieved for analysis, following the exclusion of 30 questionnaires that were either not returned or incomplete. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetic means and standard deviations, were employed, alongside simple and multiple regression analysis to examine and test the study’s hypotheses. The results revealed existence of statistically significant impact of toxic leadership with its dimensions (narcissism, authoritarian leadership, self-promotion, poor supervision, and unpredictability) on internal audit effectiveness in the presence of employee silence as a moderating variable. This indicate that the prevalence of a culture of employee silence contributes to exacerbating the negative impact of toxic leadership on internal audit effectiveness. In the light of findings, the study recommends that companies should work to promote a culture of psychological safety within the internal audit function, ensuring that auditors feel secure in raising concerns without fear of retaliation.
Toxic Leadership, Internal Audit Effectiveness, Employee Silence, Amman Stock Exchange
Copyright (c) 2026 Ala Almatarneh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence as a Methodology for Building Higher-Order Thinking Skills: A Contemporary Educational Perspective
This study aimed to explore the relationship between Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and the science of Usul al-Fiqh (Islamic legal theory), and to examine the potential of employing the cognitive and methodological processes embedded in usuli reasoning to develop higher-order thinking skills among learners. The study was based on the assumption that Usul al-Fiqh is not merely a discipline concerned with regulating the derivation of legal rulings from their detailed evidences; rather, it represents an integrated epistemological framework that encompasses higher-level cognitive processes corresponding to the skills emphasized in contemporary educational literature. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method through analyzing educational literature related to higher-order thinking skills, examining the epistemological and methodological structure of Usul al-Fiqh, and identifying the functional correspondences between higher-order cognitive skills and usuli procedures. The study focused on five major skills: analytical thinking, critical thinking, evaluative thinking and decision-making/problem-solving, strategic and foresight thinking, and creative thinking, while highlighting the corresponding usuli mechanisms and their potential educational applications. The findings revealed clear cognitive and functional intersections between higher-order thinking skills and the mechanisms of usuli reasoning. Issues such as semantic analysis, analogical reasoning (qiyas), verification of the operative cause (tahqiq al-manat), and legal causation (ta‘lil) embody advanced forms of analytical thinking. Meanwhile, methods such as elimination and classification (al-sabr wa al-taqsim), objection, and preference (tarjih) represent applications of critical and evaluative thinking. Discussions of legal consequences (ma’alat) and blocking the means (sadd al-dhara’i‘) reflect strategic and foresight thinking, whereas ijtihad, public interest reasoning (istislah), and refinement of the operative cause (takhrij al-manat) contribute to the development of creative thinking and the generation of solutions for contemporary issues. The study concluded that Usul al-Fiqh constitutes a rich epistemological and methodological framework that can be utilized to develop higher-order thinking skills, thereby contributing to the improvement of educational curricula and teaching practices while promoting integration between the Islamic intellectual heritage and contemporary educational requirements.
Usul al-Fiqh, Usuli Thinking, Higher-Order Thinking Skills, Islamic Education
Non-Discrimination between Refugees in the International Refugees Law
he principle of non-discrimination between refugees is one of the fundamental pillars of the international Refugees Law, as it aims to preserve their human dignity and promote respect for human rights, thereby contributing to achieving justice and establishing peaceful coexistence in societies.The rights enjoyed by refugees under international conventions are legal obligations incumbent upon host states, foremost among them the right to non-discrimination. International Refugees law rejects any form of discrimination against refugees based on race, religion, or country of origin. The principle of non-discrimination is a fundamental principle of the international refugees law, although it is not a customary rule binding on all states. Its application is limited to host states that have ratified the conventions governing refugees. Nevertheless, this right constitutes the core of international refugee protection, as its absence renders the right to refugee meaningless and ineffective.
Nondiscrimination between Refugees, Host State, Refugees, The United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
The Effectiveness of Blended Learning Modality to Grade V Learners
This research assessed the effectiveness of blended learning on Grade 5 learners’ academic performance at an elementary school in Cebu City during the school year 2022-2023 as the basis for intervention activities. A descriptive correlational research design was employed using a self-developed questionnaire anchored in the community inquiry theory. The respondents were the Grade 5 learners selected using random sampling. The gathered data were treated using simple percentages, weighted mean, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Based on the study's findings, the learner-respondents have a large family size, have internet access, have 1 to 2 gadgets at home, and have parents with a combined monthly income below 5000 pesos. On the other hand, the profile of the teacher-respondents showed that the majority have taught for 5 years or less, hold bachelor’s degrees, and have 3-4 gadgets at home. Furthermore, the blended learning modality was perceived as very effective by the teachers, but only effective for both parents and learners. It was found that there were significant differences and a significant relationship between parents' and learners' assessments of the effectiveness of the blended learning modality. It is recommended that the action plan be adopted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salvador R. Tubo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Local Media in the Power Vortex of PIK 2: A Hierarchy of Influences Analysis
The development of Pantai Indah Kapuk 2 (PIK 2) on the northern coast of Banten as a National Strategic Project (PSN) has generated various social and environmental concerns, particularly among traditional fishing communities. In this context, local media serve as an important space for articulating public grievances, aspirations, and interests. This study critically examines the news production process surrounding the PIK 2 megaproject in two local newspapers, Banten Pos and Radar Banten, using the Hierarchy of Influences (HoI) framework. This study adopts a critical paradigm with a qualitative approach and a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five informants consisting of editors-in-chief/media leaders, editors, and journalists. In addition, document analysis of PIK 2 news archives published between 2020 and 2024 was used as supporting data. The collected data were analyzed thematically based on the five levels of the HoI framework. Data trustworthiness was strengthened through source triangulation and methodological triangulation. The findings show that, at the individual level, journalists’ professional experience, along with their geographical and social proximity to coastal issues, strengthened their sensitivity in reporting. At the media routines level, there was a constant negotiation between the demand for rapid daily news production and the need for more in-depth investigative reporting. At the organizational level, gatekeeping was carried out rigorously to anticipate legal risks and potential social tensions. At the extra-media level, external pressure did not appear in the form of overt censorship, but operated through soft pressure that encouraged newsrooms to exercise greater caution in assessing reporting risks. At the ideological level, local media had to engage with a developmentalist discourse that emphasized investment and economic growth. Nevertheless, Banten Pos and Radar Banten continued to provide space for the voices of fishermen and affected coastal communities. This study concludes that local journalistic practices in Banten are shaped by the tension between professional idealism, the media’s social control function, and strong structural constraints rooted in local economic and political relations.
local media, PIK 2, Hierarchy of Influences, investigative journalism, critical communication
The Interpretative Jurisdiction of Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study Between the Iraqi and Jordanian Models
This current study aims to reveal the interpretative power of constitutional courts (using the Iraqi and Jordanian models as examples for comparative analysis). The study employs descriptive analysis and comparative methods. Several conclusions are drawn, the most significant being that Article 93/2 of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution grants the Federal Supreme Court the power to interpret the constitutional text. The 2004 Iraqi Transitional Administrative Law (later repealed by Article 44) defines the Federal Supreme Court's jurisdiction in two areas: adjudicating disputes between the federal government and regional, provincial, municipal, and local administrative bodies, and reviewing constitutional cases. Other jurisdictional powers of the court are explicitly defined by subsequent laws. In the Jordanian model, the legislature explicitly granted the constitutional court the power to interpret the constitutional text in the 2011 constitutional amendment. This study recommends a comprehensive review of the relevant provisions of Iraqi Federal Supreme Court Law No. (30) of 2005, which clearly lacks explicit provisions on the interpretation of the constitutional text. This oversight has led some legal scholars to question the legal nature of the current Federal Supreme Court.
Interpretive jurisdiction of constitutional courts, Iraqi model, Jordanian model, comparative study
Public Communication Gaps in Banten’s Sarjana Penggerak Desa Program
The 2025 Sarjana Penggerak Desa Program is one of the policy initiatives of the Banten Provincial Government designed to accelerate rural development by strengthening human resource capacity at the village level. This article examines the communication process of the Banten Provincial Government in implementing the program. The analysis focuses on the communication channels used and on how village governments and program beneficiaries interpret the policy messages delivered through the program. This study employs a qualitative approach with a single case study design and is grounded in a social constructivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis. The informants included provincial government actors, technical implementing agencies, village government officials, and program beneficiaries. The data were analyzed thematically using Phil Jones’ strategic communication perspective, particularly in relation to audience orientation, message consistency, communication channel selection, and feedback mechanisms. The findings reveal a meaning gap in the implementation of the Sarjana Penggerak Desa Program. The provincial government positions the program as a strategic investment in village human resource development. Some village actors, however, understand it mainly as an administrative responsibility, while beneficiaries tend to perceive it as financial support for education. This difference in interpretation emerges because the communication pattern remains largely hierarchical and administrative. Policy messages flow from the provincial government to technical agencies, then move through district and subdistrict levels before reaching village governments as the main intermediaries. Formal documents, technical guidelines, WhatsApp-based coordination, face-to-face meetings, and social media help maintain procedural clarity in program implementation. Nevertheless, these channels have not fully developed a shared understanding among stakeholders. This article concludes that the effectiveness of policy communication cannot be assessed only by whether information has been delivered. It must also be measured by the extent to which communication builds shared meaning, community ownership, and public participation. Therefore, rural development programs require a more participatory, audience-oriented, and dialogic communication model to support their long-term sustainability.
public communication, strategic communication, meaning gap, Sarjana Penggerak Desa, rural development, social constructivism
Factors Affecting Gold Prices in Global Markets: Why is the Investment in Gold Safe?
The study aimed to analyze Factors affecting gold prices in global markets, and why is the investment in gold safe? The research method applied in this study is a literature review, the qualitative approach that was designed to delve into the problem of the study through journals. Secondary sources for the study were books, articles and agency reports. In this essay, the literature of the supply and demand of gold, interest rate on US bonds, inflation and financial market uncertainty are critically reviewed. The study concluded that: Factors affecting the demand for gold and its price are: gold prices in foreign currencies set by central banks, particularly interest rates on the US dollar set by the Federal Reserve, the volume of demand for gold by central banks, due to the stability, and there are continued rise in global gold prices, despite the risks associated with investing in gold, such as price volatility, and Gold and the US dollar are seen as having an inverse relationship. The study concluded an investor is supposed to diversify his investments by dividing them into three sections, for example: the first section is gold, the second section is cash in banks, and the third section is diversified investments (real assets and financial assets).
Gold, Safe Investment, International monetary system, Central bank, US Dollar, Geopolitical risks, Global markets
Exploring Saudi Women's Consumption of Turkish Dramas
Turkish television dramas have surged in popularity across the Arab world, particularly among female viewers, yet quantitative research on Saudi women’s consumption patterns and sociocultural interpretations remains scarce. This study, anchored in Uses and Gratifications Theory and Cultural Proximity Theory, with interpretive support from Cultivation Theory and Social Identity Theory, examines motivations, viewing preferences, and selective adoption of portrayed values among Saudi female audiences.Data were gathered via an online questionnaire from 1,274 Saudi women aged 20–60 who regularly watch Turkish dramas. The sample was predominantly young (68.4% aged 20–29), single (61.7%), highly educated (63.3% bachelor’s or above), urban (95.5%), and moderately religious. Results reveal a clear preference for Arabic subtitles (82.3%) over dubbing, solitary viewing (75.8%), consumption via the Qissaht Asik application (71.7%) on laptops (71.2%), and genres such as realistic fiction and family dramas. Primary gratifications included pleasure (M = 4.14) and passing time (M = 3.93), while cultural similarity was rejected (M = 2.52). Most participants rarely or never compared drama narratives to their reality (75.9%) and reported guilt regarding intimate scenes (67.8%). Younger, single, and more educated respondents displayed significantly higher acceptance of non-traditional gender roles (women’s independence, freedom in dress, reduced dependence on men; p < .05–.001). Findings underscore active, critical, and culturally selective engagement, where Turkish dramas mainly serve entertainment while facilitating modest, demographically moderated negotiation of gender norms and identity in a conservative context.
Turkish Drama, Cultivation Theory, Saudi female viewers, Social Identity, Theory, Soap Opera, Saudi Arabia
Copyright (c) 2026 Merfat Alardawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Truth between Objectivity and Humanism: An Interdisciplinary Study of Einstein and Tagore
In the intellectual history of the twentieth century, the relationship between wisdom and literature has surfaced as a significant field of interdisciplinary conversation. This paper focuses on the major dialogue between Albert Einstein and Rabindranath Tagore, assaying questions of verity, mortal knowledge, and epistemology in the environment of their exchange. Their discussion, held in Berlin in 1930, was not simply an exchange of ideas between two great minds, but a profound philosophical debate on fustiness, humanism, and the nature of knowledge and the Relation among Tagore, Einstein and France. This paper critical lyre-reads that dialogue; particularly in terms of relative verity versus humanistic verity, scientific reality versus aesthetic perception, and the conflict and conflation between Eastern and Western traditions of knowledge.
Concept of Truth between objectivity and Humanism, Dialogue between Eastern and Western traditions of knowledge, Interdisciplinary study between Science & Literature and Einstein & Rabindranath Tagore, Relation among Tagore, Einstein and France
The Degree to Which Fear of Missing Out Contributes to Predicting Digital Well-being Among University of Jordan Students
The current study aimed to identify the extent to which fear of missing out contributes to predicting digital well-being among students at the University of Jordan. A descriptive-analytical approach was used. The study sample consisted of (380) students (male and female) selected randomly. The Fear of Missing Out Scale and the Digital Well-being Scale were administered, and their psychometric properties were determined. The results showed that the levels of both fear of missing out and digital well-being were moderate. The study also demonstrated that fear of missing out has a predictive power for digital well-being, and that there is an negative relationship between the two variables.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saja Nazzal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cases of Delay in the Performance of Contractual Obligations under the Jordanian Civil Code and the Moroccan Code of Obligations and Contracts
Delay in the performance of contractual obligations is a fundamental issue in contract law due to its implications for contractual liability, legal certainty, and the principle of good faith. Despite its importance, comparative studies examining both debtor delay and creditor delay within Arab civil law systems remain limited. This study comparatively analyzes the legal framework governing delay under the Jordanian Civil Code and the Moroccan Code of Obligations and Contracts, focusing on the circumstances giving rise to delay, the role of notice, and the legal consequences of delayed performance. The study adopts a doctrinal comparative methodology based on descriptive, analytical, critical, and comparative approaches, drawing upon legislative provisions, judicial decisions, and legal scholarship. The findings reveal that both legal systems treat delay as a form of unjustified non-performance aimed at protecting contractual stability and legitimate expectations. However, they differ in the procedural requirements for establishing delay, particularly regarding the role of notice. The analysis further demonstrates that both systems recognize creditor delay as an independent legal institution arising from unjustified refusal, silence, absence, or failure to cooperate in performance. The study contributes to comparative contract law by providing an integrated analysis of debtor and creditor delay within two influential Arab civil law systems. It highlights the central role of good faith in regulating delayed performance and offers insights for enhancing legal certainty, judicial consistency, and legislative reform in the law of contractual obligations.
Delay, Contractual Obligation, Non-Performance of Obligations, Jordanian Civil Code, Moroccan Code of Obligations and Contracts
Copyright (c) 2026 Abeer Hamoud Al-Rawahna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching Practices and Innovations for the "Financial Analysis" Course under the Background of New Liberal Arts Education Development
As a core course in the financial management program, Financial Analysis has long faced persistent challenges: overly foundational content, monotonous teaching methods, superficial integration of ideological education, and limited assessment approaches. Guided by the Ministry of Education's New Liberal Arts Initiative, the research team repositioned the course to cultivate well-rounded professionals with the ability to solve complex problems, coupled with strong ethical integrity, self-directed learning skills, teamwork capabilities, and communication proficiency. Through innovative measures-including forming study groups, restructuring teaching content, diversifying instructional activities, implementing the “ABC” teaching model, and refining the course evaluation system-significant improvements were achieved in student learning outcomes, teaching effectiveness, and program development. These enhancements demonstrate strong potential for broader implementation. Key words: New Liberal Arts Construction, Learning Group, ABC Teaching Model, Teaching Innovation and Practice As a core course in the financial management program, Financial Analysis holds a central position within the curriculum and represents the most comprehensive professional discipline.However, persistent "pain points" have long plagued this course, severely undermining the quality of talent cultivation. Against the backdrop of China's educational reform, it is imperative to align with the guidelines of the "New Liberal Arts" initiative to systematically restructure the curriculum and continuously advance teaching reform and innovation. This endeavor aims to facilitate the transformation of traditional financial professionals into high-level, intelligent talents. The research team is committed to consolidating students' foundational theories, methodologies, and data application capabilities in financial analysis. Adhering to the principle of "moral education first," we have implemented a series of innovative measures to enhance students' comprehensive abilities in identifying, analyzing, and solving problems, thereby fostering proactive learning, teamwork, and communication skills.
New Liberal Arts Construction, Learning Group, ABC Teaching Model, Teaching Innovation and Practice
Copyright (c) 2026 Qi'an Zhong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple Intelligences Levels among Students at the Gifted School in Misan Governorate
Recognizing multiple intelligences is of highly importance and a successful approach to educational management by encouraging students to utilize their unique and diverse intelligences. This helps to address individual differences among learners, which adds a new dimension to education. This study aims to identify the levels of multiple intelligences among students of the Gifted Schools in Misan Governorate. It also aims to determine statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in multiple intelligences among gifted students based on gender. The research sample consisted of 31 students from the academic year 2025-2026. The Multiple Intelligences Scale (Walter McKenzie, 2000) was applied. The results showed the presence of all types of multiple intelligences in varying proportions among both genders. The results also revealed a statistically significant difference in Musical intelligence, favoring females. Based on this, the researcher offers several recommendations and suggestions.
Multiple Intelligences, Gifted Students, Gifted schools
Assessing the Behavioral Disorders and Social Skills of the Learners with Special Educational Needs
Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSENs) often experience challenges in managing their behavior and interacting with others, which can affect their learning, relationships, and overall development. This study sought to explore behavioral disorders, social skills, and their relationship among learners with special needs in Talisay City and Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines. Using a descriptive correlational approach, researchers collected data via structured surveys completed by convenience-sampled parents from three designated schools. The study examined student demographics, parent-reported behavioral traits, social skill development, and the connection between behavior and social abilities. Findings indicated that most participants were male, aged 5–12, with one to two siblings, from low-income families, and had parents who were mostly college graduates. While behavioral issues and social skills were generally observed, some challenges appeared, particularly in emotional regulation and complex play. No significant link was found between overall behavioral disorders and social skills. However, limitations in the study design prevent firm conclusions. The demographic insights and varying needs highlight the importance of comprehensive, evidence-based strategies that address behavioral and emotional development, family support, and individualized interventions. The study recommends improving future research by using broader samples and additional informants and proposes a matrix-style intervention framework to support learners with special needs better.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rowella Jane G. Labajo, Shiena Marie C. Autida, Michelle G. Resuento https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Integration Path of Red Family Letters into the Cultivation of College Students’ National Sentiment
Red family letters represent a microcosmic history of the Chinese Communist Party and a vivid national history. Forged with the blood and deep affection of revolutionary forebears, they embody the ideals, convictions, family‑state responsibility, and national integrity of Chinese Communists, and constitute a valuable educational resource for cultivating college students’ national sentiment. As a core competency for college students, the cultivation of national sentiment requires the synergistic effort of emotion, cognition, and practice. From the perspective of the internal logic, red family letters can touch the heart through family narratives, evoke emotional resonance, reinforce rational identity with ideals and convictions, and stimulate action through role models, thereby achieving the unity of knowledge and action. In terms of the current reality of higher education, the integration of red family letters into college students’ national sentiment cultivation faces four mismatches: emphasis on stock rather than incremental supply, emphasis on transmission rather than acquisition, emphasis on indoctrination rather than internalization, and emphasis on theory rather than practice. Accordingly, efforts should be made in five aspects – deepening cognition, enhancing capacity, innovating forms, enriching carriers, and optimizing mechanisms – to construct targeted practical pathways for integrating red family letters into the cultivation of college students’ national sentiment, thereby providing theoretical references and practical guidance for colleges and universities during the 15th Five‑Year Plan period in fulfilling the fundamental task of fostering virtue and strengthening national sentiment education.
Red family letters; college students; national sentiment; pathway research