Pragmatic Functions of “uh” and “uhm” and the Reasons for their Use in English Spoken Discourse among Ilocano Speakers: A Conversation Analysis

Abstract

This study examined the pragmatic functions and reasons for Ilocano speakers' use of "uh" and "uhm" in spoken English discourse. Using a qualitative research method, specifically conversation analysis, 15 participants were purposively selected following the set inclusion criteria: (a) they must be native speakers of Ilocano; (b) have basic to intermediate English proficiency as assessed through Rosero’s (2019) speaking rubric; (c) willing to participate in recorded interviews; (d) Grade 12 learners who are already using “uh” and “uhm”. The conducted interview was recorded (audio and video) from which transcribed verbatim was themed based on Junker (1993) and Ran’s (2003) five main pragmatic functions of the discourse marker. Findings reveal that when “uh” and “uhm” are used as delaying marker, they function for organizing thoughts and turn holding; as repairing marker, for correcting grammar, revising message and sustaining flow; as framing marker, for driving explanations and shifting topics; as initiating marker, for a response cue; and as mitigating marker, they function for giving opinions, releasing pressure, signaling attention and simplifying explanations. Further, results show that Ilocano speakers use “uh” and “uhm” as delaying marker in order to avoid dead airs, because of habitual usage, to manage anxiety and process ideas; as repairing marker, to ensure clarity; as framing marker, to organize flow; as initiating marker, to delay initiation, to initiate strategically, and reflect habitual and situational use; as mitigating marker, they are used to verify ideas.